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UNZIP(1L) MISC. REFERENCE MANUAL PAGES UNZIP(1L)
NAME
unzip - list, test and extract compressed files in a ZIP
archive
SYNOPSIS
unzip [-Z] [-cflptuvz[abjnoqsCLV$]] file[.zip] [file(s) ...]
[-x xfile(s) ...] [-d exdir]
DESCRIPTION
unzip will list, test, or extract files from a ZIP archive,
commonly found on MS-DOS systems. The default behavior
(with no options) is to extract into the current directory
(and subdirectories below it) all files from the specified
ZIP archive. A companion program, zip(1L), creates ZIP
archives; both programs are compatible with archives created
by PKWARE's PKZIP and PKUNZIP for MS-DOS, but in many cases
the program options or default behaviors differ.
ARGUMENTS
file[.zip]
Path of the ZIP archive(s). If the file specification
is a wildcard, each matching file is processed in an
order determined by the operating system (or file sys-
tem). Only the filename can be a wildcard; the path
itself cannot. Wildcard expressions are similar to
Unix egrep(1) (regular) expressions and may contain:
* matches a sequence of 0 or more characters
? matches exactly 1 character
[...]
matches any single character found inside the
brackets; ranges are specified by a beginning
character, a hyphen, and an ending character. If
an exclamation point or a caret (`!' or `^') fol-
lows the left bracket, then the range of charac-
ters within the brackets is complemented (that is,
anything except the characters inside the brackets
is considered a match).
(Be sure to quote any character which might otherwise
be interpreted or modified by the operating system,
particularly under Unix and VMS.) If no matches are
found, the specification is assumed to be a literal
filename; and if that also fails, the suffix .zip is
appended. Note that self-extracting ZIP files are sup-
ported, as with any other ZIP archive; just specify the
.exe suffix (if any) explicitly.
[file(s)]
An optional list of archive members to be processed,
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UNZIP(1L) MISC. REFERENCE MANUAL PAGES UNZIP(1L)
separated by spaces. (VMS versions compiled with
VMSCLI defined must delimit files with commas instead.
See -v in OPTIONS below.) Regular expressions (wild-
cards) may be used to match multiple members; see
above. Again, be sure to quote expressions that would
otherwise be expanded or modified by the operating sys-
tem.
[-x xfile(s)]
An optional list of archive members to be excluded from
processing. Since wildcard characters match directory
separators (`/'), this option may be used to exclude
any files which are in subdirectories. For example,
``unzip foo *.[ch] -x */*'' would extract all C source
files in the main directory, but none in any subdirec-
tories. Without the -x option, all C source files in
all directories within the zipfile would be extracted.
[-d exdir]
An optional directory to which to extract files. By
default, all files and subdirectories are recreated in
the current directory; the -d option allows extraction
in an arbitrary directory (always assuming one has per-
mission to write to the directory). This option need
not appear at the end of the command line; it is also
accepted immediately after the zipfile specification,
or between the file(s) and the -x option. The option
and directory may be concatenated without any white
space between them, but note that this may cause normal
shell behavior to be suppressed. In particular,
``-d ~'' (tilde) is expanded by Unix C shells into the
name of the user's home directory, but ``-d~'' is
treated as a literal subdirectory ``~'' of the current
directory.
OPTIONS
Note that, in order to support obsolescent hardware, unzip's
usage screen is limited to 22 or 23 lines and should there-
fore be considered a reminder of the basic unzip syntax
rather than an exhaustive list of all possible flags.
-Z zipinfo(1L) mode. If the first option on the command
line is -Z, the remaining options are taken to be
zipinfo(1L) options. See the appropriate manual page
for a description of these options.
-c extract files to stdout/screen (``CRT''). This option
is similar to the -p option except that the name of
each file is printed as it is extracted, the -a option
is allowed, and ASCII-EBCDIC conversion is automati-
cally performed if appropriate. This option is not
listed in the unzip usage screen.
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-f freshen existing files, i.e., extract only those files
which already exist on disk and which are newer than
the disk copies. By default unzip queries before
overwriting, but the -o option may be used to suppress
the queries. Note that under many operating systems,
the TZ (timezone) environment variable must be set
correctly in order for -f and -u to work properly
(under Unix the variable is usually set automatically).
The reasons for this are somewhat subtle but have to do
with the differences between DOS-format file times
(always local time) and Unix-format times (always in
GMT) and the necessity to compare the two. A typical
TZ value is ``PST8PDT'' (US Pacific time with automatic
adjustment for Daylight Savings Time or ``summer
time'').
-l list archive files (short format). The names,
uncompressed file sizes and modification dates and
times of the specified files are printed, along with
totals for all files specified. In addition, the zip-
file comment and individual file comments (if any) are
displayed. If a file was archived from a single-case
file system (for example, the old MS-DOS FAT file sys-
tem) and the -L option was given, the filename is con-
verted to lowercase and is prefixed with a caret (^).
-p extract files to pipe (stdout). Nothing but the file
data is sent to stdout, and the files are always
extracted in binary format, just as they are stored (no
conversions).
-t test archive files. This option extracts each speci-
fied file in memory and compares the CRC (cyclic redun-
dancy check, an enhanced checksum) of the expanded file
with the original file's stored CRC value.
-u update existing files and create new ones if needed.
This option performs the same function as the -f
option, extracting (with query) files which are newer
than those with the same name on disk, and in addition
it extracts those files which do not already exist on
disk. See -f above for information on setting the
timezone properly.
-v be verbose or print diagnostic version info. This
option has evolved and now behaves as both an option
and a modifier. As an option it has two purposes:
when a zipfile is specified with no other options, -v
lists archive files verbosely, adding to the -l info
the compression method, compressed size, compression
ratio and 32-bit CRC. When no zipfile is specified
(that is, the complete command is simply ``unzip -v''),
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a diagnostic screen is printed. In addition to the
normal header with release date and version, unzip
lists the home Info-ZIP ftp site and where to find a
list of other ftp and non-ftp sites; the target operat-
ing system for which it was compiled, as well as (pos-
sibly) the hardware on which it was compiled, the com-
piler and version used, and the compilation date; any
special compilation options which might affect the
program's operation (see also DECRYPTION below); and
any options stored in environment variables which might
do the same (see ENVIRONMENT OPTIONS below). As a
modifier it works in conjunction with other options
(e.g., -t) to produce more verbose or debugging output;
this is not yet fully implemented but will be in future
releases.
-z display only the archive comment.
MODIFIERS
-a convert text files. Ordinarily all files are extracted
exactly as they are stored (as ``binary'' files). The
-a option causes files identified by zip as text files
(those with the `t' label in zipinfo listings, rather
than `b') to be automatically extracted as such, con-
verting line endings, end-of-file characters and the
character set itself as necessary. (For example, Unix
files use line feeds (LFs) for end-of-line (EOL) and
have no end-of-file (EOF) marker; Macintoshes use car-
riage returns (CRs) for EOLs; and most PC operating
systems use CR+LF for EOLs and control-Z for EOF. In
addition, IBM mainframes and the Michigan Terminal Sys-
tem use EBCDIC rather than the more common ASCII char-
acter set, and NT supports Unicode.) Note that zip's
identification of text files is by no means perfect;
some ``text'' files may actually be binary and vice
versa. unzip therefore prints ``[text]'' or
``[binary]'' as a visual check for each file it
extracts when using the -a option. The -aa option
forces all files to be extracted as text, regardless of
the supposed file type.
-b treat all files as binary (no text conversions). This
is a shortcut for ---a.
-C match filenames case-insensitively. unzip's philosophy
is ``you get what you ask for'' (this is also responsi-
ble for the -L/-U change; see the relevant options
below). Because some filesystems are fully case-
sensitive (notably those under the Unix operating sys-
tem) and because both ZIP archives and unzip itself are
portable across platforms, unzip's default behavior is
to match both wildcard and literal filenames case-
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UNZIP(1L) MISC. REFERENCE MANUAL PAGES UNZIP(1L)
sensitively. That is, specifying ``makefile'' on the
command line will only match ``makefile'' in the
archive, not ``Makefile'' or ``MAKEFILE'' (and simi-
larly for wildcard specifications). Since this does
not correspond to the behavior of many other
operating/file systems (for example, OS/2 HPFS which
preserves mixed case but is not sensitive to it), the
-C option may be used to force all filename matches to
be case-insensitive. In the example above, all three
files would then match ``makefile'' (or ``make*'', or
similar). The -C option affects files in both the nor-
mal file list and the excluded-file list (xlist).
-j junk paths. The archive's directory structure is not
recreated; all files are deposited in the extraction
directory (by default, the current one).
-L convert to lowercase any filename originating on an
uppercase-only operating system or filesystem. (This
was unzip's default behavior in releases prior to 5.11;
the new default behavior is identical to the old
behavior with the -U option, which is now obsolete and
will be removed in a future release.) Depending on the
archiver, files archived under single-case filesystems
(VMS, old MS-DOS FAT, etc.) may be stored as all-
uppercase names; this can be ugly or inconvenient when
extracting to a case-preserving filesystem such as OS/2
HPFS or a case-sensitive one such as under Unix. By
default unzip lists and extracts such filenames exactly
as they're stored (excepting truncation, conversion of
unsupported characters, etc.); this option causes the
names of all files from certain systems to be converted
to lowercase.
-n never overwrite existing files. If a file already
exists, skip the extraction of that file without
prompting. By default unzip queries before extracting
any file which already exists; the user may choose to
overwrite only the current file, overwrite all files,
skip extraction of the current file, skip extraction of
all existing files, or rename the current file.
-o overwrite existing files without prompting. This is a
dangerous option, so use it with care. (It is often
used with -f, however.)
-q perform operations quietly (-qq = even quieter). Ordi-
narily unzip prints the names of the files it's
extracting or testing, the extraction methods, any file
or zipfile comments which may be stored in the archive,
and possibly a summary when finished with each archive.
The -q[q] options suppress the printing of some or all
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of these messages.
-s [OS/2, NT, MS-DOS] convert spaces in filenames to
underscores. Since all PC operating systems allow
spaces in filenames, unzip by default extracts
filenames with spaces intact (e.g., ``EA DATA. SF'').
This can be awkward, however, since MS-DOS in particu-
lar does not gracefully support spaces in filenames.
Conversion of spaces to underscores can eliminate the
awkwardness in some cases.
-U (obsolete; to be removed in a future release) leave
filenames uppercase if created under MS-DOS, VMS, etc.
See -L above.
-V retain (VMS) file version numbers. VMS files can be
stored with a version number, in the format
file.ext;##. By default the ``;##'' version numbers
are stripped, but this option allows them to be
retained. (On filesystems which limit filenames to
particularly short lengths, the version numbers may be
truncated or stripped regardless of this option.)
-X [VMS] restore owner/protection info (may require system
privileges). Ordinary file attributes are always
restored, but this option allows UICs to be restored as
well. [The next version of unzip will support Unix
UID/GID info as well, and possibly NT permissions.]
-$ [MS-DOS, OS/2, NT, Amiga] restore the volume label if
the extraction medium is removable (e.g., a diskette).
Doubling the option (-$$) allows fixed media (hard
disks) to be labelled as well. By default, volume
labels are ignored.
ENVIRONMENT OPTIONS
unzip's default behavior may be modified via options placed
in an environment variable. This can be done with any
option, but it is probably most useful with the -a, -L, -C,
-q, -o, or -n modifiers: make unzip auto-convert text files
by default, make it convert filenames from uppercase systems
to lowercase, make it match names case-insensitively, make
it quieter, or make it always overwrite or never overwrite
files as it extracts them. For example, to make unzip act
as quietly as possible, only reporting errors, one would use
one of the following commands:
UNZIP=-qq; export UNZIP Unix Bourne shell
setenv UNZIP -qq Unix C shell
set UNZIP=-qq OS/2 or MS-DOS
define UNZIP_OPTS "-qq" VMS (quotes for lowercase)
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Environment options are, in effect, considered to be just
like any other command-line options, except that they are
effectively the first options on the command line. To over-
ride an environment option, one may use the ``minus opera-
tor'' to remove it. For instance, to override one of the
quiet-flags in the example above, use the command
unzip --q[other options] zipfile
The first hyphen is the normal switch character, and the
second is a minus sign, acting on the q option. Thus the
effect here is to cancel one quantum of quietness. To can-
cel both quiet flags, two (or more) minuses may be used:
unzip -t--q zipfile
unzip ---qt zipfile
(the two are equivalent). This may seem awkward or confus-
ing, but it is reasonably intuitive: just ignore the first
hyphen and go from there. It is also consistent with the
behavior of Unix nice(1).
As suggested by the examples above, the default variable
names are UNZIP_OPTS for VMS (where the symbol used to
install unzip as a foreign command would otherwise be con-
fused with the environment variable), and UNZIP for all
other operating systems. For compatibility with zip(1L),
UNZIPOPT is also accepted (don't ask). If both UNZIP and
UNZIPOPT are defined, however, UNZIP takes precedence.
unzip's diagnostic option (-v with no zipfile name) can be
used to check the values of all four possible unzip and
zipinfo environment variables.
The timezone variable (TZ) should be set according to the
local timezone in order for the -f and -u to operate
correctly. See the description of -f above for details.
This variable may also be necessary in order for timestamps
on extracted files to be set correctly.
DECRYPTION
Encrypted archives are fully supported by Info-ZIP software,
but due to United States export restrictions, the encryption
and decryption sources are not packaged with the regular
unzip and zip distributions. Since the crypt sources were
written by Europeans, however, they are freely available at
sites throughout the world; see the file ``Where'' in any
Info-ZIP source or binary distribution for locations both
inside and outside the US.
Because of the separate distribution, not all compiled ver-
sions of unzip support decryption. To check a version for
crypt support, either attempt to test or extract an
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encrypted archive, or else check unzip's diagnostic screen
(see the -v option above) for ``[decryption]'' as one of the
special compilation options.
There are no runtime options for decryption; if a zipfile
member is encrypted, unzip will prompt for the password
without echoing what is typed. unzip continues to use the
same password as long as it appears to be valid; it does
this by testing a 12-byte header. The correct password will
always check out against the header, but there is a 1-in-256
chance that an incorrect password will as well. (This is a
security feature of the PKWARE zipfile format; it helps
prevent brute-force attacks which might otherwise gain a
large speed advantage by testing only the header.) In the
case that an incorrect password is given but it passes the
header test anyway, either an incorrect CRC will be gen-
erated for the extracted data or else unzip will fail during
the extraction because the ``decrypted'' bytes do not con-
stitute a valid compressed data stream.
If the first password fails the header check on some file,
unzip will prompt for another password, and so on until all
files are extracted. If a password is not known, entering a
null password (that is, just a carriage return) is taken as
a signal to skip all further prompting. Only unencrypted
files in the archive(s) will thereafter be extracted.
(Actually that's not quite true; older versions of zip(1L)
and zipcloak(1L) allowed null passwords, so unzip checks
each encrypted file to see if the null password works. This
may result in ``false positives'' and extraction errors, as
noted above.)
Note that there is presently no way to avoid interactive
decryption. This is another security feature: plaintext
passwords given on the command line or stored in files con-
stitute a risk because they may be seen by others. Future
releases may (under protest, with great disapproval) support
such shenanigans.
EXAMPLES
To use unzip to extract all members of the archive
letters.zip into the current directory and subdirectories
below it, creating any subdirectories as necessary:
unzip letters
To extract all members of letters.zip into the current
directory only:
unzip -j letters
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To test letters.zip, printing only a summary message indi-
cating whether the archive is OK or not:
unzip -tq letters
To test all zipfiles in the current directory, printing only
the summaries:
unzip -tq \*.zip
(The backslash before the asterisk is only required if the
shell expands wildcards, as in Unix; double quotes could
have been used instead, as in the source examples
below.) To extract to standard output all members of
letters.zip whose names end in .tex, auto-converting to the
local end-of-line convention and piping the output into
more(1):
unzip -ca letters \*.tex | more
To extract the binary file paper1.dvi to standard output and
pipe it to a printing program:
unzip -p articles paper1.dvi | dvips
To extract all FORTRAN and C source files--*.f, *.c, *.h,
and Makefile--into the /tmp directory:
unzip source.zip "*.[fch]" Makefile -d /tmp
(the double quotes are necessary only in Unix and only if
globbing is turned on). To extract all FORTRAN and C source
files, regardless of case (e.g., both *.c and *.C, and any
makefile, Makefile, MAKEFILE or similar):
unzip -C source.zip "*.[fch]" makefile -d /tmp
To extract any such files but convert any uppercase MS-DOS
or VMS names to lowercase and convert the line-endings of
all of the files to the local standard (without respect to
any files which might be marked ``binary''):
unzip -aaCL source.zip "*.[fch]" makefile -d /tmp
To extract only newer versions of the files already in the
current directory, without querying (NOTE: be careful of
unzipping in one timezone a zipfile created in another--ZIP
archives to date contain no timezone information, and a
``newer'' file from an eastern timezone may, in fact, be
older):
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unzip -fo sources
To extract newer versions of the files already in the
current directory and to create any files not already there
(same caveat as previous example):
unzip -uo sources
To display a diagnostic screen showing which unzip and
zipinfo options are stored in environment variables, whether
decryption support was compiled in, the compiler with which
unzip was compiled, etc.:
unzip -v
In the last five examples, assume that UNZIP or UNZIP_OPTS
is set to -q. To do a singly quiet listing:
unzip -l file.zip
To do a doubly quiet listing:
unzip -ql file.zip
(Note that the ``.zip'' is generally not necessary.) To do
a standard listing:
unzip --ql file.zip
or
unzip -l-q file.zip
or
unzip -l--q file.zip (extra minuses don't hurt)
TIPS
The current maintainer, being a lazy sort, finds it very
useful to define a pair of aliases: tt for ``unzip -tq''
and ii for ``unzip -Z'' (or ``zipinfo''). One may then sim-
ply type ``tt zipfile'' to test an archive, something which
is worth making a habit of doing. With luck unzip will
report ``No errors detected in zipfile.zip,'' after which
one may breathe a sigh of relief.
The maintainer also finds it useful to set the UNZIP
environment variable to ``-aL'' and is tempted to add ``-C''
as well. His ZIPINFO variable is set to ``-z''.
DIAGNOSTICS
The exit status (or error level) approximates the exit codes
defined by PKWARE and takes on the following values, except
under VMS:
0 normal; no errors or warnings detected.
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1 one or more warning errors were encountered, but
processing completed successfully anyway. This
includes zipfiles where one or more files was
skipped due to unsupported compression method or
encryption with an unknown password.
2 a generic error in the zipfile format was
detected. Processing may have completed success-
fully anyway; some broken zipfiles created by
other archivers have simple work-arounds.
3 a severe error in the zipfile format was detected.
Processing probably failed immediately.
4-8 unzip was unable to allocate memory for one or
more buffers.
9 the specified zipfiles were not found.
10 invalid options were specified on the command
line.
11 no matching files were found.
50 the disk is (or was) full during extraction.
51 the end of the ZIP archive was encountered prema-
turely.
VMS interprets standard Unix (or PC) return values as other,
scarier-looking things, so by default unzip always returns 0
(which reportedly gets converted into a VMS status of 1--
i.e., success). There are two compilation options available
to modify or expand upon this behavior: defining
RETURN_CODES results in a human-readable explanation of what
the real error status was (but still with a faked ``suc-
cess'' exit value), while defining RETURN_SEVERITY causes
unzip to exit with a ``real'' VMS status. The latter
behavior will become the default in future versions unless
it is found to conflict with officially defined VMS codes.
The current mapping is as follows: 1 (success) for normal
exit, 0x7fff0001 for warning errors, and (0x7fff000? +
16*normal_unzip_exit_status) for all other errors, where the
`?' is 2 (error) for unzip values 2 and 9-11, and 4 (fatal
error) for the remaining ones (3-8, 50, 51). Check the
``unzip -v'' output to see whether RETURN_SEVERITY was
defined at compilation time.
BUGS
When attempting to extract a corrupted archive, unzip may go
into an infinite loop and, if not stopped quickly enough,
fill all available disk space. Compiling with CHECK_EOF
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should fix this problem for all zipfiles, but the option was
introduced too late in the testing process to be made the
default behavior. Future versions will be robust enough to
fail gracefully on damaged archives. Check the ``unzip -v''
output to see whether CHECK_EOF was defined during compila-
tion.
[MS-DOS] When extracting or testing files from an archive on
a defective floppy diskette, if the ``Fail'' option is
chosen from DOS's ``Abort, Retry, Fail?'' message, unzip may
hang the system, requiring a reboot. Instead, press
control-C (or control-Break) to terminate unzip.
Under DEC Ultrix, unzip will sometimes fail on long zipfiles
(bad CRC, not always reproducible). This is apparently due
either to a hardware bug (cache memory) or an operating sys-
tem bug (improper handling of page faults?).
Dates and times of stored directories are not restored.
[OS/2] Extended attributes for existing directories are
never updated. This is a limitation of the operating sys-
tem; unzip has no way to determine whether the stored attri-
butes are newer or older than the existing ones.
[VMS] When extracting to another directory, only the [.foo]
syntax is accepted for the -d option; the simple Unix foo
syntax is silently ignored (as is the less common VMS
foo.dir syntax).
[VMS] When the file being extracted already exists, unzip's
query only allows skipping, overwriting or renaming; there
should additionally be a choice for creating a new version
of the file. In fact, the ``overwrite'' choice does create
a new version; the old version is not overwritten or
deleted.
SEE ALSO
funzip(1L), zip(1L), zipcloak(1L), zipgrep(1L), zipinfo(1L),
zipnote(1L), zipsplit(1L)
AUTHORS
The primary Info-ZIP authors (current zip-bugs workgroup)
are: Jean-loup Gailly (Zip); Greg R. Roelofs (UnZip); Mark
Adler (decompression, fUnZip); Kai Uwe Rommel (OS/2); Igor
Mandrichenko and Hunter Goatley (VMS); John Bush and Paul
Kienitz (Amiga); Antoine Verheijen (Macintosh); Chris Her-
borth (Atari); Henry Gessau (NT); Karl Davis, Sergio Monesi
and Evan Shattock (Acorn Archimedes); and Robert Heath (Win-
dows). The author of the original unzip code upon which
Info-ZIP's is based was Samuel H. Smith; Carl Mascott did
the first Unix port; and David P. Kirschbaum organized and
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UNZIP(1L) MISC. REFERENCE MANUAL PAGES UNZIP(1L)
led Info-ZIP in its early days. The full list of contribu-
tors to UnZip has grown quite large; please refer to the
CONTRIBS file in the UnZip source distribution for a rela-
tively complete version.
VERSIONS
v1.2 15 Mar 89 Samuel H. Smith
v2.0 9 Sep 89 Samuel H. Smith
v2.x fall 1989 many Usenet contributors
v3.0 1 May 90 Info-ZIP (DPK, consolidator)
v3.1 15 Aug 90 Info-ZIP (DPK, consolidator)
v4.0 1 Dec 90 Info-ZIP (GRR, maintainer)
v4.1 12 May 91 Info-ZIP
v4.2 20 Mar 92 Info-ZIP (zip-bugs subgroup, GRR)
v5.0 21 Aug 92 Info-ZIP (zip-bugs subgroup, GRR)
v5.01 15 Jan 93 Info-ZIP (zip-bugs subgroup, GRR)
v5.1 7 Feb 94 Info-ZIP (zip-bugs subgroup, GRR)
v5.11 2 Aug 94 Info-ZIP (zip-bugs subgroup, GRR)
v5.12 28 Aug 94 Info-ZIP (zip-bugs subgroup, GRR)
Info-ZIP Last change: 28 Aug 94 (v5.12) 13